Abstract

Given the growing importance of the grocery retail sector as a field of research, driven by increasing customer expectations for shorter waiting times, rising labour costs, and the ongoing digital transformation of retail operations, this study examines queue formation at hybrid checkout systems.  Using real-world data provided by a reference store for a specific weekday, a discrete-event simulation was developed in AnyLogic.  
The resulting model, which is flexible regarding input parameters, applies a Monte Carlo approach to estimate expected queue lengths throughout the day. These simulation results were compared against empirical observations and validated for accuracy.  
Additionally, the study highlights the relevance of self-checkout systems and smart shopping carts in enhancing operational efficiency.